According to Rankin's theory, the intensity of active earth pressure ( $p_{a}$ ) trying to move the retaining wall of height H away from the back fill is given by

- 1
  
  $p_{a} = w H (\frac{1 + \cos ϕ}{1 - \sin ϕ})$
- 2
  
  $p_{a} = w H (\frac{1 - \sin ϕ}{1 + \cos ϕ})$
- 3
  
  $p_{a} = w H (\frac{1 - \sin ϕ}{1 + \sin ϕ})$
- 4
  
  $p_{a} = w H (\frac{1 + \cos ϕ}{1 - \cos ϕ})$

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