According to Euler's formula, the critical stress $(σ_{c r})$ in a column for elastic buckling is given by

[where E= Young's modulus, l= Effective length of column, and r= Radius of gyration]

- 1
  
  $σ_{c r} = \frac{π^{2} E}{l / r}$
- 2
  
  $σ_{c r} = \frac{π^{2} E}{{(l / r)}^{2}}$
- 3
  
  $σ_{c r} = \frac{π^{2} E}{{(l / r)}^{3}}$
- 4
  
  $σ_{c r} = \frac{π^{2} E}{{(l / r)}^{4}}$

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