The foundation soil under the toe of a dam has a void ratio 'e'. The specific gravity of the soil solid is G. Factor of safety against piping is to be take as 2.5. The maximum permissible upward exit gradient is given by

- 1
  
  $i = 2.5 [\frac{G - 1}{1 + e}]$
- 2
  
  $i = 2.5 [\frac{1 + e}{G - 1}]$
- 3
  
  $i = 0.4 [\frac{1 + e}{G - 1}]$
- 4
  
  $i = 0.4 [\frac{G - 1}{1 + e}]$

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