The critical hydraulic gradient $i_{c}$ of a soil mass of specific G and voids ratio e is given by

- 1
  
  $i_{c} = \frac{G + 1}{1 - e}$
- 2
  
  $i_{c} = \frac{G - 1}{1 + e}$
- 3
  
  $i_{c} = \frac{G + 1}{1 + e}$
- 4
  
  $i_{c} = \frac{G - 1}{1 - e}$

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