A reduction factor Cr to load carrying capacity of a long column is given by

- 1
  
  Cr = 1.25 - Le/24b
- 2
  
  Cr = 1 - Le / 48b
- 3
  
  Cr = 1.25 - Le/48b
- 4
  
  Cr = 1.5 - Le / 48b

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