Given that

$P_{E} =$ the cripping load given by Euler,

$P_{C} =$ the load at failure due to direct compression

$P_{R} =$ the load in accordance with the Rankine's criterion of failure,

$P_{R}$ is given by

- 1
  
  $(P_{E} + P_{C}) / 2$
- 2
  
  $\sqrt{P_{E} x P_{C}}$
- 3
  
  $P_{C} P_{E} / (P_{C} + P_{E})$
- 4
  
  None of the above

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