The ratio of maximum shear stress developed in a solid shaft of diameter D and a hollow shaft of external diameter D and internal diameter d for the same torque is given by

- 1
  
  $\frac{D^{2} + d^{2}}{D^{2}}$
- 2
  
  $\frac{D^{2} - d^{2}}{D^{2}}$
- 3
  
  $\frac{D^{4} - d^{4}}{D^{4}}$
- 4
  
  $\frac{D^{4} - d^{4}}{d^{4}}$

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